In order to study fruit set pattern and effect of APICAL MERISTEM REMOVING on the percentage of fruit setting of pistillate flowers, length of fruit setting period, rate of fruit growth and length of growth period of the fruit on samsoory cantaloupe, an experiment was carried out in the Research Station of Varamin, Iran. The results indicated that flowering and growth rate corresponded with the proposed pattern of MacGlasson and Harlan. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of APICAL MERISTEM REMOVING enhances the beginning of fruit set and shortens the growth period of the fruit, but has no effect on the length of the fruit setting period and percentage of fruit set of pistillate flowers. The number of fruit bearing branches was significantly among first to fourth nodes, the second and the third nodes showed maximum number of fruit setting branches.

Aim: The aims of study were to investigate callogenesis and regeneration of the studied cultivars and also exploring the possibility of gene transfer into maize by using complete bud and stem APICAL MERISTEM explants. Material and methods: Complete bud and stem APICAL MERISTEM of six cultivars were used as explants on MS medium + 5 mg. L-¹ 2, 4-D. For regeneration, calluses were cultured in MS including 1 mg. L-¹ Kn and 10 mg. L-¹ BAP. According to the results of tissue culture, SC703 and SC704 cultivars were selected for gene transfer. Transformation of explants was done with LBA4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing pBI121 vector. To investigate the transgenic nature of the samples, PCR and histochemical assay were used. Results: Callus induction was taking place after 30 to 40 days and the frequency of callus induction in six cultivars was 100%, in addition the highest rate of regeneration (90 %) was observed in stem APICAL MERISTEM explants of SC704. In some cultivars, stem APICAL MERISTEM explants were more suitable, although in other cultivars, complete bud explants were better. PCR results for NPTII gene and GUS histochemical assay showed that some calli are transgenic and GUS gene is expressed. Conclusion: The results of callogenesis, regeneration and genetic transformation showed that SC 704 was better than the others.

Shoot APICAL MERISTEM (SAM) culture is known as an effective method for the production of virus free plants. Detection and then dissection of SAM are the first two steps in establishment of successful culture. Providing of leaf primordium-free MERISTEM is a very difficult operation due to the small size and colorless appearance of the SAM. Amongst the commercial plants, grapevine demonstrates specific and complex developmental pattern at which the SAM plays a crucial role. In this research, the live MERISTEMs were stained using novel procedure and then they were stained by water solution of FDA (0.1%) and fuchsine acid (0.05%), simultaneously. The prepared MERISTEMs were then detected and excised under a fluorescence stereomicroscope (510 nm) and afterwards they were immediately cultured on the half strength MS medium. Microscopic studies were shown that the size of SAM in the grapevine was fluctuated in terms of its developmental course. The higher organogenesis ability of SAM and the more viability of the explants were achieved during the MERISTEM culture. On the other hand, viability of MERISTEM containing leaf and uncommitted primordium was higher than that of organ-free MERISTEM.

Salvia leriifolia Benth., belonging to Lamiaceae, has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. In order to callus induction from APICAL MERISTEM and embryo of salvia leriifolia to produce phenolic acids, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The APICAL MERISTEM and embryo explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (0, 1, 2, 3mg/L), KIN (0, 0. 3, 1mg/L), BAP (0, 0. 5, 1, 2, 3mg/L) and NAA (0, 0. 5, 1, 1. 5mg/L). The fresh and dry weights were evaluated and accumulation of phenolic acids was measured after four weeks of culture by HPLC. The best treatments for callus induction and growth was at the 2, 4-D 2mg/L and KIN 1mg/L. Accumulation of caffeic acid in embryo callus was higher than that of leaves of Salvia leriifolias and concentration of rosmarinic acid was comparable to the leaves. The highest salvianolic acid B concentration was found in callus of APICAL MERISTEM that was about four times higher than that of leaves.

Background and objectives: Much attention being paid on silviculture of different Populus species and their inter-specific hybrids have increased hopes for wood yield increments in Iran.For the mentioned reason much efforts have been done on hybridization between various Populus species in order to broaden their genetic basis, as well as utilizing their entire potentials and extending their ecologic zones. However, experiences of researchers have shown that produced hybrids have increased new genetic variability, as well as differences with their parental species, by which new high yielding cultivars were introduced. This research was performed in order to quantify possible differences between new inter-specific hybrids between Populus albaas female parent and P. euphratica as the male parent based on their rooting capability to be introduced as criteria for selecting new high yielding poplar genotypes.Materials and methods: Producing a number of inter-specific hybrids between two poplar species, Populus euphratica and P. alba, vegetative propagation of three of the best hybrids through APICAL MERISTEM culture was performed. First active vegetative buds were harvested and surface sterilized by dipping in 20% sodium hypochlorite for five minutes. Then one to two mm of the APICAL tips was inoculated on half-MS medium containing IBA and BA of 0.01 and 0.5 mg/l respectively. The explants were maintained in growth chamber at 24±1oC and 16.8 hr photoperiod for 60 days. DKW containing 0.5 mg/l of BAP, 0.5 mg/l of 2iP and 0.5 mg/l IBA was used as the proliferation medium. Propagated shoots were inoculated on two rooting media, DKW and ACM. Data were recorded on characteristics such as freshness, number and length of shoots and roots on rooted plantlets and analyzed based on a factorial experimental model.Results: The studied hybrids were significantly different based on freshness, stem length and rooting ability, in such a way that one of the hybrids even highly rooted at proliferation stage.The hybrid was strongly different with others studied hybrids at rooting stage by producing much more roots than others as well as producing longer shoots.Conclusion: The studied hybrids differentiated significantly by MERISTEM culture based on vegetative characteristics such as rooting ability and shoot length. Superior hybrids with specific rooting ability may be selected based on the observed differences between the studied genotypes.

Vitamin C, known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin which may be found in all compartments of plant cell where it plays diverse roles. It is involved in cell division and cell wall synthesis. It is a highly effective antioxidant; even in low concentration can protect indispensable molecules from damaging by free radicals and inactive oxygen species which generated as by-products in respiratory and photosynthesis.Faba vulgaris belongs to Fabaceae. It is one of the most important winter crops in the Middle East which is cultivated as vegetables. Faba vulgaris as a great feeding value and can be considered as meat or skim-milk substitute. A scorbic acid affects on the structure of APICAL MERISTEM, and promotes parricidal and anticlinal divisions, so that, floral ebouches increase about twice times on each axis.

The molecular basis of the plant MERISTEM’, s dormancy-release is a sophisticated process and poorly understood. To find genes related to the release of the dormancy of the P. abies APICAL MERISTEM, an expressed sequence tag analysis was used. The preliminary data for two cDNA libraries was gathered using the Harvard University database (Dormancy and dormancy-release libraries with 6987 and 6981 EST, respectively). The EGassembler software was used to assemble all EST sequences in order to find similarity between two libraries. After that, all contigs were processed using CLC bio software’, s X-blast against a non-redundant protein database. To detect genes with differential expression in two libraries, the IDEG6 software and the Audic-Claverie test were utilized. The GoMapMan comparative classification tool was used to categorize functional catalogs. All unigenes were grouped into 35 functional catalogs, of which 10 significantly different functional catalogs were identified, including major CHO metabolism, hormone metabolism, stress, transport, secondary metabolism, cofactors and vitamins, nucleotide metabolism, redox-regulation, mitochondrial electron transport/ATP synthesis, and fermentation. So far, there has been no report on the role of secondary metabolites in regulating plant MERISTEM dormancy. This study provides insight into the probable function of secondary metabolites as major regulators of the APICAL MERISTEM’, s dormancy in P. abies. In addition, redox and epigenetic changes downstream of hormones also appear to be involved in dormancy regulation. The potential of ROS specificity in terms of the spatio-temporal properties that characterize the expression of antioxidant enzymes allows them to be used as biomarkers in major developmental stages to develop a set of features in woody species that promote growth, wood, and fiber attributes. This research also provides information about the molecular mechanisms of the morphogenesis process in Norway spruce.

Gavane-gaz-angubin (Persian Manna) belongs to Astragalus genus (Leguminosae). This plant is one of the most important species in Iran for its medicinal value. Considering the low propagation rate of this plant from seed and cutting, the feasibility of in-vitro propagation of this plant was investigated. Effect of different types and concentrations of cytokinins such as BAP, KIN, and Ze (0. 5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l) in combination with NAA (0, 0. 5 mg/l) were evaluated for production of APICAL bud in MS medium. Experiments were conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized design. Shoots were transferred to rooting medium and this medium contained different concentrations (0, 0. 3, 0. 6, 0. 9 mg/l) of IBA or NAA. Results showed that not only the significant effect of different types and concentrations of cytokinins, but also confirmed effect of various concentrations of NAA on shoots number, leaf number and shoots length. Results indicated that MS medium containing 4 mg/l BAP lead to production of highest shoot number (8. 5 shoots per explants) as well as the highest leaf number. The highest rooting production (100%) obtained in MS medium with 0. 3 mg/l NAA, Likewise. More than 40 % of plants were adapted in pots with the mixture of soil, peat and perlite (1: 1: 1, v/v).

Up to now, no complete study was carried out about the prevalence and location of periAPICAL granuloma and radicular cysts from the point of view of clinical symptoms (e.g. pain and swelling fistula) in Iran. The data was collected from the files available in the Department of Pathology, faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. With a consideration on different therapeutic methods, a proper method was selected. Radicular cyst occurred in 59.3 percent of 324 cases while 45.7 percent were granuloma. The most common incidence of these lesions was in the range of 24-25 years old. The most common location of lesions was the maxillary anterior. Sinus tracts occurred in 74 of all cases. 47.3 percent of these patients have been previously received root canal therapy. It is noticeable that 24 percent of all patients were treated endodontically before surgery. Higher incidence of granuloma occurred in small lesions while cysts were more common in large lesions. 232 of all cases showed one of the clinical symptoms, 16% pain, 35.8% swelling and 22.8% fistula. No symptoms were found in 92 cases.